The following video (see the bottom of the post) is from the same source as the previous one that I posted above on Saturday. While the previous one was about T cells, this one is about antibodies. The guest being interviewed here is one of the leading US experts on antibodies and works in their national research labs. When he "does his own research", he does it in a world leading scientific laboratory.
The video is 1 hour and 40 minutes, but that shouldn't be seen as daunting as it first appears as the real meat of the interview is at the beginning and about half way through they wander off the main topic and you can stop there without missing much.
If you want a detailed explanation of how antibodies and the antibody system actually work, this is the best resource that I have seen. Short answer, it's far more complex than anything that I've seen written in the stuff normally meant for public consumption, and even in this case he skims over a lot of detail.
Some parts of it are heavy going, but don't let that deter you. Even if you only understand half of what he says you'll probably still learn 10 times more than you knew before even if you thought you already more or less understood the subject on a basic level.
One particularly interesting point that he mentioned that I haven't seen anywhere else is that respiratory viruses are inherently difficult for antibodies to deal with because they don't typically have a phase where they pass through the blood where most of the antibodies are. The implications of this are that while vaccines against diseases which pass through the blood (he mentions a number, but I can't recall them) can be highly, highly, effective, vaccines that protect against viruses that affect the membranes of the respiratory system will be less effective.
The implications of this are that vaccines for COVID-19 are not likely to be as effective as the most effective vaccines that we have for certain other diseases. This does not take away from how effective the COVID-19 vaccines we do have are, but it does mean there will likely be an upper limit on their effectiveness.
Another point that he and the interviewers discussed was that regardless of the above, the science of viruses and vaccines is likely to make huge strides in the coming years. It has always been difficult to study viral diseases and immune responses in humans because of the limited number of subjects to study and the large number of complicating factors.
Now however we have had huge numbers of people from all across society all infected with the same virus at the same time and which has generated unprecedented amounts of data to be studied.
Even currently, a significant percentage (he quotes a number, but I can't recall it) of all the scientific papers published in the past year are on COVID-19. While quite a few of those papers, especially those published by people from outside the field, are rubbish, there are none the less a large number of very good and significant ones.
The important thing will be to not lose momentum in the coming years, but to take advantage of the rare (hopefully) opportunity to follow up on this data to gain a better understanding of the mindbogglingly complex immune system and develop better vaccines to treat a wide variety of diseases.
He also mentions the rather sobering point that viruses are one of the few things which can threaten to destroy most of humanity and civilization along with it. He gave the example that if HIV had been a respiratory virus, it would likely have wiped out 99 per cent of all humans on the planet, sparing only those with a rare genetic mutation.