It’s important that we question calls of racial bias, especially at this emotive time when each instance stokes the engine on what is becoming a run away train of accusation, division & conspiracy.
Yes, there probably is racial bias within some police departments and there will undoubtably be individual police officers who are racist. Just as in any workplace. In many instances it’s probably more likely they are inured to daily, constant threatening, unpleasant & often potentially dangerous encounters with the public.
Headline grabbing figures, often using decontextualised data, are used to punch buttons on the 90 second Wokerati and build distrust and hatred within the communities the police serve. Regardless of personal, political and commercial agendas behind them, these can create a smokescreen where the real problem is obscured or even forgotten.
St Louis has one of the highest annual number of officer involved shootings in America. It has led to accusations of “Death by Cop”. So let’s use it as a case study utilising the accessible data available, to look for ourselves at a specific year which generated headlines of bias.
In 2016, there were 899 incidents where St Louis police used force on suspects (including 16 officer shootings with 4 deaths*). This use of force occurred three times more frequently in majority-black neighbourhoods compared to majority-white (inc Hispanic) neighbourhoods.
Based on this, shocking headlines were generated and an equalities advocate within the St Louis administration wrote:
“If use of force were equitable, officers would have used force 291 fewer times in majority-black neighbourhoods.”
Crime is not ‘equitable’, and is not usually committed in a spatially uniform manner. In America you are 1,000 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime in your home than in an autoshop or mall. The racial and ethnic distribution of the population is not uniform either. 48% of the population of St Louis is black but they are largely resident in 70-85% majority-black neighbourhoods.
Police Districts 4,5,6 are predominately majority-black neighbourhoods. As are the North and East side of District 1, NE of District 2, and 60% of District 3. In fact the murder location clusters in the Geography of Homicide Map below pretty much coincides with these majority-black neighbourhoods. If you also superimpose this over the Person Crime by Neighbourhood map, you’ll see that it not surprisingly corresponds to the majority of areas which experienced the highest violent crime rates. Mostly majority-black neighbourhoods.
Add to this 75% of all arrests were of Black & Black African Americans. Twelve times more of these were arrested for murder & robbery than whites (inc Hispanics), then 10x more for weapons offences, 6x more for aggravated assault, 4x more for other assaults. By far the majority of these perpetrated their crimes and/or were apprehended in these same districts.
Based on this data, I for one, find the apparent disparity in the use of force by the police in predominately majority-black neighbourhoods wholly understandable and most likely without a substantiated bias.
What about ‘murder by cop’? 4 deaths by officers that I could find for 2016*. Yet there were 188 homicides including 3x infants, 3x 10-14 yr olds, 11x 15-19 yr olds, 4 over sixties. 133 of these were Black & African American. 124 of those arrested for these crimes were Black & African American. In other words, around 30x more Black & African Americans killed Blacks in St Louis in a single year than the police did.
Again, I recognise that there may be individual racist or unduly aggressive officers in the SLPD, and I am not whitewashing any genuine wrongdoing by law enforcement. More could possibly be done to train SLPD officers to de-escalate encounters. But the police need to respond to and police areas where crimes take place regardless of the majority colour. Let’s not forget that for every person committing a violent crime there is at least one victim, and the majority of these victims are also Black & African Americans living & working in predominately majority-black neighbourhoods.
Maybe the population of St Louis is inured in itself to it’s citizens killing its own citizens. Like Covid, the numbers become meaningless after a while, except to those immediately impacted by loss or those who want to make capital from the figures. Every unnecessary death must be prevented. But focus, energy and effort needs to be directed where it can do most good, and this may well mean unpalatable dialogues need to take place, which some don’t want to see happen and others prefer to be blind to as it doesn’t fit their world view or political agency.
*based on two unofficial datasets. Im still researching these.